{"id":19364,"date":"2022-04-20T22:05:43","date_gmt":"2022-04-21T02:05:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marymount.edu\/academics\/?page_id=19364"},"modified":"2024-02-14T15:14:24","modified_gmt":"2024-02-14T20:14:24","slug":"contradiction-in-jane-eyre-conversations-of-19th-century-feminism-by-audrey-clement","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/marymount.edu\/academics\/college-of-sciences-and-humanities\/school-of-interdisciplinary-studies\/student-publications\/magnificat-2022\/contradiction-in-jane-eyre\/","title":{"rendered":"“Contradiction in Jane Eyre: Conversations of 19th Century Feminism” by Audrey Clement"},"content":{"rendered":"
Magnificat<\/a>, <\/em>April 2022<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

Introduction<\/h4>\n

As a staple in classic feminist literature, Charlotte Bront\u00eb\u2019s Jane Eyre<\/em> plunges readers into the 19th<\/sup> century feminine sphere. Bront\u00eb\u2019s narrator, Jane, is a delightfully complex heroine who exemplifies the successes and limitations of 19th century feminist philosophy. At times, Jane is a stellar example of the independent Victorian woman struggling against a hostile patriarchal society. Other times, she is an active participant in patriarchal society, directing hostility towards other women and prioritizing male comfort and desires. For some, especially those who know and love Jane Eyre<\/em> as feminist literature, the polarity inherent in Jane\u2019s character may be difficult to interpret. As readers and scholars, I posit we can approach the issue in two ways. First and foremost, we can praise Bront\u00eb for her success in creating a character who so eloquently personifies the feminine psyche, which has been trained to always hate or criticize femininity over masculinity (which often escapes critique entirely). We can use these very contradictions to explore the progress of feminist philosophy since the novel was published.<\/p>\n

Contradictions often peacefully coexist in our world, but that does not necessarily make them easier to understand. Deconstructionist theory attempts to do so; thus, it is helpful to our understanding of Jane to adopt a deconstructionist approach. Throughout the novel, readers become aware of a duality in Jane\u2019s subconscious\u2014she never addresses it herself, but her contradictory actions confirm its existence. Readers may initially process these contradictions as symptoms of a flawed character, but I believe it is more rewarding to consider these contradictions as naturally occurring psychic duality, created by a feminine mind at war with the mandates of her culture. Lois Tyson, author of Critical Theory Today<\/em>, calls this phenomenon the multiple and fragmented self. She states that \u201cwe [consist] of any number of conflicting beliefs, desires, fears, anxieties, and intentions\u201d (Tyson 257). Tyson claims that human identity is shaped by \u201can unstable, ambiguous force-field of competing ideologies\u201d inherent to human existence, meaning that people will naturally contradict themselves (Tyson 249, 257). Jane is no exception, as her innate, human inclination towards intellectual and physical freedom competes with patriarchal norms for space in her psyche. Opposing perspectives are represented within a single character. The theory of a multiplicity of selves offers a solution to the confusion readers may feel\u2014Jane\u2019s contradictory actions do not have to be a problem. Contradictions in the fictional often reflect contradictions in the real world. Jane\u2019s fractured character provides us an opportunity to explore a patriarchal feminist psyche that is continually at odds with itself. This fracture reveals itself most often in the ways Jane interacts with other characters in the novel.<\/p>\n

Jane, the Halfway Feminist: How does Jane interact with other women?<\/h4>\n

A patriarchal feminist psyche is characterized by the desire for one\u2019s personal advancement as a woman accompanied by the refusal to advocate for the advancement of all women, either consciously or unconsciously. In other words, the patriarchal feminist is unfamiliar with solidarity; she sees other women as competition rather than allies. In her book on the marginalization of feminism, bell hooks says that perceiving other women as threats is a direct result of patriarchal indoctrination: \u201cWe are taught that our relationships with one another diminish rather than enrich our experience. We are taught that women are \u201cnatural enemies,\u201d that solidarity will never exist between us because we cannot, should not, and do not bond with one another” (hooks 43). Indeed, for feminine identifying feminists, analyzing how we perceive and interact with women may reveal our patriarchal biases more effectively than our interactions with men precisely because society indoctrinates women to oppose one another. Such is the case with Jane.<\/p>\n

As the novel progresses and Jane transitions into womanhood, she increasingly interacts with women who are unlike herself in status and appearance. It is towards these women that Jane directs her ire. These emotions range from outright disparagement to quiet condescension. Her criticism often seems motivated by patriarchal expectations, where no matter how women present themselves, they are subjected to disapproval. hooks states that \u201c[S]exism is perpetuated by the victims themselves who are socialized to behave in ways that make them act in complicity with the status quo\u201d (43). Jane, as a member of patriarchal society, may subconsciously criticize other women by measuring them against an unrealistic patriarchal standard. For example, Jane\u2019s scathing internal monologue criticizes Miss Ingram for her defects:<\/p>\n

She was very showy, but she was not genuine: she had a fine person, many brilliant attainments; but her mind was poor, her heart barren by nature: nothing bloomed spontaneously on that soil; no unforced natural fruit delighted by its freshness. She was not good; she was not original: she used to repeat sounding phrases from books: she never offered, nor had, an opinion of her own. (Bront\u00eb 199).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

While Jane\u2019s assessment of Miss Ingram\u2019s character may not be inaccurate, the manner in which she criticizes her is fueled by the patriarchy. Jane begins to dislike Miss Ingram because of her insults aimed towards governesses and lower classes of women, but rather than criticizing Miss Ingram on the quality of her arguments (or lack thereof), Jane attacks her personality and her intelligence; thus, the criticism falls flat. Additionally, Jane\u2019s internal outburst seems motivated by jealousy, not simply moral principle\u2014 she is intently aware that Miss Ingram is chasing the attention of Mr. Rochester, whose attention she wishes for herself. Jane remarks that \u201cMiss Ingram was a mark beneath jealousy: she was too inferior to excite the feeling\u201d (Bront\u00eb 199), yet spends pages denouncing her character. She also admits to being \u201cirresistibly attracted\u201d to Rochester and Miss Ingram\u2019s interactions, and watching them carefully:<\/p>\n

I see Mr. Rochester turn to Miss Ingram, and Miss Ingram to him; I see her incline her head towards him, till the jetty curls almost touch his shoulder and wave against his cheek; I hear their mutual whisperings; I recall their interchanged glances\u2026 I saw all his attentions appropriated by a great lady, who scored to touch me with the hem of her robes as she passed (Bront\u00eb 199).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

One wonders if Jane truly escapes the jealousy she claims Miss Ingram is incapable of inspiring. Indeed, it seems more likely that Jane views Miss Ingram as a threat to Jane\u2019s access to Rochester, which causes Jane to internally reject her.<\/p>\n

Jane has a similar reaction to Miss Oliver later in the novel, although their interactions are not characterized by the bitterness Jane feels for Miss Ingram. The similarity in Jane\u2019s reactions to these women lies primarily in her propensity to unfairly evaluate and criticize them. For example, even though Jane does not outright dislike Miss Oliver, she clearly looks down on her for her giddy and flirtatious nature. Jane describes Miss Oliver as \u201ccoquettish\u2026 not worthlessly selfish\u2026indulged since birth\u2026 hasty\u2026 vain\u2026 unthinking\u2026 not profoundly interesting or thoroughly impressive\u201d (Bront\u00eb 400). Jane, self admittedly a \u201ccool observer of her own sex,\u201d counteracts every positive quality of Miss Oliver\u2019s with something inherently negative or \u201cwrong\u201d with her character. Her interactions with these women are characterized by a sense of personal superiority. This ingrained patriarchal perspective affects how she thinks about other women, to such an extent that she cannot form lasting bonds with women different from herself. Jane does experience lasting relationships with women in the novel, which is why prominent scholars like Adrienne Rich praise the novel for its depiction of female solidarity. We see Jane extend financial support to Mary and Diana, potentially allowing them to move more freely in society, as well as form lasting friendships with both. In her early life, she bonds with Helen Burns and Miss Temple, who support one another through numerous difficulties. These achievements are not diminished if we recognize that Jane Eyre<\/em> does not depict solidarity between all <\/em>women.<\/p>\n

I am not claiming that the responsibility for developing solidarity that crosses social boundaries lands solely on Jane\u2019s shoulders. In fact, as members of the upper echelon, it is logical to assume that socialites like Miss Ingram and Miss Oliver could more easily make the first move on that front (as Miss Oliver does!). I do believe that Jane\u2019s hostile interactions with women of other social classes reveal the limitations of Jane Eyre <\/em>as a feminist manifesto, and reveal Jane\u2019s inability to escape patriarchal thinking. hooks says that \u201c[w]omen are divided by sexist attitudes, racism, class privilege, and a host of other prejudices\u2026 unless\u2026 barriers separating women can be eliminated\u2026 we cannot hope to change and transform society as a whole\u201d (44). Through Jane, Bront\u00eb strengthens established societal boundaries by eliminating the possibility for women of different social classes to bond, revealing the limitation of her feminist thought. Jane is only open to sisterhood with specific types of women\u2014granted, it is unlikely that Ms. Ingram would be open to sisterhood with Jane, but the author\u2019s choice to draw that socio-economic boundary with such rigidity says something about the quality of woman Bront\u00eb believes is deserving of total liberation. Indeed, the women Jane does bond with are all eerily like her, both in their socio-economic standing and philosophy (Diana, Mary, Helen, Miss Temple, etc.). Although there are plenty of criticisms to be had about how socially privileged white women (like Blanche Ingram) do little to nothing to dismantle patriarchal ideals, praising one kind of woman while disparaging another does little to change hierarchical structures; it is not productive. By pitting readers against certain women to support Jane, Bront\u00eb undermines the effective feminist advocacy of Jane Eyre <\/em>from a modern perspective.<\/p>\n

\u00a0The Patriarchal Feminist: Seeking Male Approval and Denying Male Accountability<\/h4>\n

The contradictions within Jane\u2019s patriarchal feminist psyche manifest in her interactions with men as well. Although Jane is always the focal point of these interactions, it is fascinating how Jane continually seeks the approval of men. A patriarchal society tells women that they have no value outside of their relationships to men. In the words of bell hooks, \u201cMale supremacist ideology encourages women to believe we are valueless and obtain value only by relating to or bonding with men\u201d (hooks 44). A patriarchal society pushes Jane towards the approval of men rather than bonds with women, as evidenced by her relationship with St. John. Although Jane is not interested in St. John romantically, she still seeks to please him, even when it is unpleasant for her. She learns \u201cHindo-stanee\u201d instead of German at his behest, while Mary and Diana \u201cagreed that St. John should never have persuaded them to such a step\u201d (Bront\u00eb 433). As time progresses, Jane states that: \u201cI… wished more to please him: but to do so, I felt daily more and more that I must disown half my nature\u2026 it racked me hourly to aspire to the standard he uplifted\u201d (Bront\u00eb 434). Jane sacrifices her personal comfort as well as quality time with Mary and Diana (with whom she was learning German) in favor of St. John\u2019s approval of her. She prioritizes male attention over herself and other women, perhaps subconsciously, indicating society\u2019s indoctrination which tells her to be submissive and agreeable to men\u2019s desires.<\/p>\n

Although Jane does seek St. John\u2019s approval frequently, their relationship also provides her ample opportunity to assert her independence and personal agency, creating contradiction. There are limits to Jane\u2019s prioritization of St. John\u2019s wants; at a point, she insists on prioritizing herself and her wants. Jane\u2019s reaction to St. John\u2019s proposal even demonstrates progressive feminist ideas for the time period\u2014she attempts to bond with St. John platonically, stating: \u201cI regard you as a brother\u2014you, me as a sister.\u201d The society in which Jane operates only allows women and men to bond intimately through marriage and romantic relationships (an exception could be made for siblings). St. John\u2019s reaction makes this clear, as he immediately refuses the potential connection, implying impropriety: \u201cWe cannot\u2014we cannot\u2026 it would not do\u201d (Bront\u00eb 442). Contrary to her earlier acquiescence to St. John\u2019s wishes, Jane firmly establishes herself her own personal agent; she makes decisions for herself, regardless of outside approval or disapproval. She also aligns herself with femininity here, as her main reasoning for refusing St. John is quite romantic; they \u201cdid not love each other as man and wife should\u201d (Bront\u00eb 442). It is clear in her interactions with St. John that Jane is often torn between patriarchal societal norms and her feminist values\u2014they are symptomatic of her fractured self.<\/p>\n

Jane\u2019s relationship with Rochester carries the same confusing contradictions. Many scholars have criticized Jane and Rochester\u2019s relationship on the basis of romantic love; they argue that Jane\u2019s choice to enter into a romantic relationship is a betrayal of herself. In her essay \u201cJane Eyre: The Temptations of a Motherless Woman,\u201d Adrienne Rich characterizes their initial relationship as a patriarchal \u201ctemptation\u201d (Rich 474). Rich argues that Jane must refuse traditional Gothic understandings of romance, which she does by leaving Rochester a first time. Rich also believes that Rochester and Jane\u2019s marriage is inherently practical and unromantic (Rich 482). I agree with Rich that there are problems in Jane and Rochester\u2019s relationship; however, I do not believe the problem is the fact they love one another. Jane\u2019s romantic feelings are not the cause of the inequality in this relationship. Rochester\u2019s problematic actions are. Additionally, Jane\u2019s inability (or refusal) to hold Rochester accountable for his condescending, misogynist, or abusive actions shows how she has been trained by a patriarchal society to sympathize with Mr. Rochester over the women he is hurting. There are many examples of Mr. Rochester hurting women verbally, psychologically, and physically, and Jane dismissing (and therefore accepting) his behavior. Even Ad\u00e8le, a small child, does not escape maltreatment; Mr. Rochester often speaks negatively of her and insults her to her face, like when he claims \u201cShe is not bright, she has no talents\u201d (Bront\u00eb 130). Jane never addresses this with Rochester, yet she rightfully criticizes Ms. Ingram for the same behavior, showing how she aligns with Mr. Rochester over other women (Bront\u00eb 200). Mr. Rochester also psychologically manipulates Jane, which is played off as a poor attempt at romance (when he masquerades as a fortune teller to get information). Of course, the most serious of Mr. Rochester\u2019s infractions is his abuse of Bertha.<\/p>\n

Scholars in the past have argued that Bertha\u2019s character is not meant to be viewed realistically, that her primary function is metaphorical. In their book, \u201cThe Madwoman in the Attic,\u201d Gilbert and Gubar state: \u201cMost important, her [Jane\u2019s] confrontation, not with Rochester but with Rochester\u2019s mad wife Bertha, is the book\u2019s central confrontation, an encounter \u2026 not with her own sexuality but with her own imprisoned \u2018hunger, rebellion, and rage\u2019\u201d (339). Early feminist scholars like Gilbert and Gubar popularized the interpretation of Bertha as a mere representation of Jane\u2019s imprisoned psyche, that Bertha is all the anger Jane is unable to express. While I find the concept intriguing, assuming Bertha is only a function of the novel erases her humanity and dismisses the abuse she has experienced. More specifically, it dismisses the abuse she has experienced at the hands of Rochester<\/em>. Indeed, at no point does Bront\u00eb address the issue of Rochester\u2019s character. When Jane learns about Bertha, she does not mention a problem with his behavior, other than the fact that he \u201c[speaks] of her [Bertha] with hate\u2014with vindictive antipathy,\u201d and that \u201cthe attribute of stainless truth was gone from his idea\u201d (Bront\u00eb 326, 321). She is upset that he lied, and that he speaks of Bertha derogatorily, but she does not blame him for his actual actions, which should be inexcusable. Jane even states that she \u201cwould not ascribe vice to him\u201d (Bront\u00eb 321). Jane\u2019s silence and her refusal to acknowledge his faults are indicative of the patriarchal side of her psyche as she grants him leniency when he should be challenged.<\/p>\n

The way Jane aligns with Rochester even in his worst moments are contradicted by her ability to assert her personal agency in spite of him, similarly to the way she opposes St. John. She exerts her autonomy when she chooses to leave Rochester, saying that it would be wicked \u201cto obey\u201d him, that she will care for herself (Bront\u00eb 343, 344). She insists on plain clothes despite Rochester\u2019s wish for extravagant outfits. Earlier in the novel, before their romantic relationship is established, she debates with him about her rate of pay and insists her salary be on her terms, not his (Bront\u00eb 243). These instances create duality, where we simultaneously see Jane as a feminist and a product of the patriarchy. It seems Jane is a feminist for herself, but struggles when it comes to advocating for others or defining herself outside of male approval (although these struggles are not all-encompassing). However positive and inspiring Jane\u2019s moments of clarity may be, her dismissal of the suffering of other women significantly limits the novel\u2019s ability to serve as a feminist work.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/h4>\n

Analyzing the failures of dated works may seem pessimistic to some; however, I do not believe the intent of this kind of analysis is to disqualify or discount works that have been important to so many readers. The purpose of deconstructive analysis is to highlight where a text is revolutionary, and to point out areas where texts no longer serve or represent us. It is a celebration of its successes and our progress.<\/p>\n

The issues of feminine independence and women\u2019s rights portrayed in Jane Eyre<\/em> still resonate with modern-day readers, as equality is still a work in progress. Women are still confined through a lack of opportunity, unequal pay, and countless other areas, and these women are searching for solutions just like Jane. Analyzing the failures of Jane\u2019s feminism teaches us that the solution will never be harming other women or perceiving them as threats, even if we are acting through silent complicity. Perhaps, like Jane, we are not aware of how our own patriarchal indoctrination blinds us to the everyday harm we do. I hope this analysis can serve as a reminder to others (as it did to me) that we are all peddlers of patriarchal oppression when we lack self-awareness. We are all capable of self-reflection and growth; this is the true heart of feminism.<\/p>\n

Works Cited<\/h4>\n

Gilbert, Sandra M., et al. \u201cA Dialogue of Self and Soul: Plain Jane\u2019s Progress.\u201d The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination<\/em>, Yale University Press, 2020, pp. 336\u201371, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctvxkn74x.14.<\/p>\n

hooks, bell. Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center<\/em>. South End Press. Boston, 1984. Print.<\/p>\n

Tyson, Lois. \u201cDeconstructive Criticism.\u201d Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide, <\/em>2nd ed.,. Taylor & Francis Group. New York, 2006, pp. 249-261.<\/p>\n

Rich, Adrienne. “Jane Eyre: The Temptations of a Motherless Woman.” Jane Eyre: An Authoritative Text, Context, Criticism<\/em>, edited by Richard J. Dunn, W.W. Norton & Co., 2001, pp. 469-483.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Magnificat, April 2022   Introduction As a staple in classic feminist literature, Charlotte Bront\u00eb\u2019s Jane Eyre plunges readers into the 19th century feminine sphere. Bront\u00eb\u2019s narrator, Jane, is a delightfully complex heroine who exemplifies the successes and limitations of 19th century feminist philosophy. At times, Jane is a stellar example of the independent Victorian woman […]<\/p>\n

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